The second law can be phrased in several different ways, the most intuitive of which is that heat flows spontaneously from hotter to colder places relevant here is that the law observes that in every macroscopic process, there is friction or something close to it another statement is that no heat engine (an engine which produces work while moving heat from a high temperature to a low temperature) can be more efficient than a Carnot heat engine operating between the same two temperatures. The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy. There is a scientific consensus that perpetual motion in an isolated system violates either the first law of thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics, or both. However, these do not constitute perpetual motion machines in the traditional sense or violate thermodynamic laws because they are in their quantum ground state, so no energy can be extracted from them they exhibit motion without energy. In 2016, new states of matter, time crystals, were discovered in which on a microscopic scale the component atoms are in continual repetitive motion, thus satisfying the literal definition of "perpetual motion". A common example is devices powered by ocean currents, whose energy is ultimately derived from the Sun, which itself will eventually burn out. Thus, machines that extract energy from finite sources will not operate indefinitely, because they are driven by the energy stored in the source, which will eventually be exhausted. For example, the motions and rotations of celestial bodies such as planets may appear perpetual, but are actually subject to many processes that slowly dissipate their kinetic energy, such as solar wind, interstellar medium resistance, gravitational radiation and thermal radiation, so they will not keep moving forever. These laws of thermodynamics apply regardless of the size of the system. This kind of machine is impossible, as it would violate either the first or second law of thermodynamics, or both. A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical machine that can do work infinitely without an external energy source. Perpetual motion is the motion of bodies that continues forever in an unperturbed system. Patent Office's policy regarding perpetual motion machines (and the power efficiency of gasoline) Something for Nothing (1940), a short film featuring Rube Goldberg illustrating the U.S.
It is widely credited as the first attempt to describe such a device. Robert Fludd's 1618 "water screw" perpetual motion machine from a 1660 wood engraving. For other uses, see Perpetual Motion Machine (disambiguation). "Perpetual Motion Machine" redirects here.
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